ERTMS/ETCS Level 3 remains to be fully specified but should offer railway infrastructure managers reduced cost and increased capacity. Despite this, existing projects in Europe and around the world are stuck at Level 1 and 2, so the International Technical Committee of the Institution of Railway Signal Engineers has been studying the obstacles to implementing ERTMS/ETCS Level 3. This is one of a series of articles that aim to promote some radical debate on removing these obstacles.